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KvR-4 : mboe¨vmx-dwKi we‡`ªv‡ni †bZ„Z¡`vbKvix K‡qKRb we‡`ªvnx †bZvi bv‡gi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki| cvV-3 : bxjwe‡`ªvn evsjv †_‡K jyU Kiv m¤ú` w`‡q Bs‡iRiv wbR †`‡k ïiy K‡i wkíKviLvbv evbv‡bvi KvR| Gfv‡eB ïiy nq cwðgv we‡k¦i wkí wec-e| Drcv`b e¨e¯’v I wek¦ A_©bxwZ‡Z Gi cÖfve n‡q‡Q my`~icÖmvix| ev®úxq BwÄb, K‡ji ZuvZ BZ¨vw` Avwe®‹vi Zv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| cÖg w`‡K cÖmvwiZ nq K‡ji ZuvZ ev e¯¿wkí| Avi Gmgq AwaKvsk KvcoB n‡Zv mv`v| Kvco mv`v Kiv I mv`v ivLvi Kv‡R LyeB Kvh©Ki wQj bxj, hv MvQ †_‡K cvIqv †hZ| Gme MvQ Lye mn‡R Avgv‡`i †`‡k Rb¥vZ| Bs‡iR‡`i †`‡k hZB K‡ji ZuvZ †e‡o‡Q ZZB †e‡o‡Q bx‡ji Pvwn`v| Zviv bxjPv‡li Rb¨ evsjvi K…lK‡`i eva¨ Ki‡Z jvMj| dmwj Rwg‡Z bxjPvl Ki‡j K…l‡Ki ¶wZ| Bs‡iR †h `vg †`q Zv‡Z Drcv`b LiP I‡V bv| ZvQvov avbPv‡ji Drcv`b K‡g †M‡j LvIqvi msKU †e‡o hvq| d‡j Pvwliv mn‡R bxj Pvl Ki‡Z PvBZ bv| Avi ZvB evsjvi K…lK‡`i bxjPv‡l eva¨ Kivi R‡b¨ Bs‡iRiv AZ¨vPv‡ii c_ a‡iwQj| wKQyKvj Av‡MI bxjKzwV I bxjmv‡ne‡`i K_v ïb‡j evsjvi K…lK AvZw¼Z n‡Zv| 1815-16 mv‡j evsjvq 1,28,000 gY bxj ‰Zwi n‡qwQj| ZLb †_‡K evsjv GKv mviv c„w_exi bx‡ji Pvwn`v wgwU‡q‡Q| Gi R‡b¨ AK_¨ AZ¨vPvi mB‡Z n‡q‡Q evsjvi bxjPvwl‡K| †mKv‡ji weL¨vZ Kwe Ck¦iP›`ª ¸ß wj‡L‡QbÑÑbxjK‡ii Kx AZ¨vPvi/GB bx‡j mKj wb‡j G‡`i wb‡j (jxjv) †evSv fvi| Avi `xbeÜz wgÎ wj‡L‡Qb bvUK-bxj`c©Y| Zv‡Z bxjPvwl‡`i Ici AZ¨vPv‡ii gg©¯úk©x wPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq 3 bxjwe‡`ªv‡ni cÖg cÖev`cyiyl n‡jb m`©vi wek¦bv_| †mKv‡j Avgv‡`i RvZxq †PZbvi Afv‡e `yf©vM¨μ‡g we‡k WvKvZ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb wZwb| wek¦bv_ A‡bK mdj exiZ¡c~Y© msMÖv‡gi bvqK| 1808 mv‡j evi Rb m½xmn Bs‡iR‡`i nv‡Z aiv c‡o Zuviv mK‡j cÖvY`‡Ê `wÊZ nb| Zv‡Z Aek¨ bxjwe‡`ªvn _v‡g wb| ag©ms¯‹vig~jK Iqvnvwe Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Î a‡i 1831 mvj bvMv` wZZygx‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ PweŸk ciMYv GjvKvq we‡`ªv‡ni Av¸b R¡‡j I‡V| `wi`ª I wbt¯^ gvbyl Zuvi Wv‡K mvov †`q| wZZzgx‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ GK ch©v‡q PweŸk ciMYv, b`xqv, dwi`cyi wb‡q GK weivU f~LÊ gy³v‡j cwiYZ nq| GK ch©v‡q Bs‡iR bxjKi I Zv‡`i †`vmi Rwg`vi QvovI Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ mvaviY gvbyl Bs‡iR kvmb‡KB P¨v‡jÄ Rvbvq| Ae‡k‡l 1831 mv‡ji 19†k b‡f¤^i BwZnvmL¨vZ euv‡ki †Kj-vi jovB‡q kwn` n‡jb exi wZZzgxi I Zuvi cÂvkRb mn‡hv×v| Avi e›`x n‡q c‡i g„Zz¨`‡Ê `wÊZ nb A‡b‡KB| Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR-1 : bxjPv‡li Rb¨ Bs‡iRiv †Kb GZ †RviRyjyg PvjvZ? KvR-2 : bxjKi‡`i AZ¨vPv‡ii aib Kx iKg wQjÑÑ`y‡qKwU D`vniY `vI| KvR-3 : bxj we‡`ªv‡ni cÖg cÖev`cyiyl †K? KvR-4 : we‡`ªvnx †bZv wZZygx‡ii cwiPq `vI| cvV-4 : muvIZvj we‡`ªvn DËie½, cwðge½ I wenv‡ii wKQy A‡j emwZ Av‡Q muvIZvj RvwZi| G AÂj‡K GK mgq muvIZvj ciMYv ejv n‡Zv| muvIZvjiv wQj LyeB `wi`ª| g~jZ Pv‡li Kv‡R LvUv‡bvi Rb¨ cwðg fviZ †_‡K GB muvIZvj‡`i wb‡q G‡mwQj Rwg`viiv| ZvB Avm‡j AiY¨ cÖK…wZi †Kv‡j Af¨¯— n‡jI muvIZvj ciMYvq Zv‡`i ¯’vbxq Rwg`vi‡`i Rwg‡Z †eMvi LvU‡Z n‡Zv| gRywi †cZ mvgvb¨| Bs‡iR kvmbKv‡j Rwg`vi‡`i AZ¨vPvi †e‡o †M‡j GK mgq 1855 mv‡ji w`‡K Zviv cÖwZev`x n‡q I‡V| †bZv Zv‡`i `yB fvBÑÑwmay Avi Kvby| †m eQi 30†k Ryb mfv K‡i cÖvq `k nvRvi muvIZvj we‡`ªvn ïiy K‡i| Rwg`vi‡`i cv‡k G‡m `uvovq Bs‡iR ‰mb¨ I Zv‡`i cywjk| d‡j AwP‡iB we‡`ªvnx‡`i gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq Bs‡iR ˆmb¨ I miKv‡ii| we‡`ªvnxiv welv³ Zxi Avi abyK w`‡q hy× K‡i evievi DboeZ A¯¿mw¾Z Bs‡iR evwnbx‡K civwRZ K‡i| muvIZvj‡`i HK¨ I mvdj¨ †`‡L cÖwZ‡ekx wn›`y-gymwjg mvaviY evOvwjivI Zv‡`i cv‡k G‡m `uvovq| KLbI Kvgviiv A¯¿ evwb‡q w`‡q‡Q, KLbI Kvgvi, Kzgvi, K…lKiv, muvIZvj‡`i cv‡k `uvwo‡q hy× K‡i‡Q| Bs‡iR †mbvcwZ †gRi ev‡iv‡Ri †bZ…‡Z¡ weivU evwnbx Kvgvb e›`yK wb‡q AvμgY K‡i 4 evOvwji ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg wZZzgxi muvIZvj evwnbx‡K| wmay I Kvbyi †bZ…‡Z¡ †mw`b Bs‡iR evwnbx‡K civwRZ I aŸsm K‡i muvIZvjiv weRqx n‡qwQj| weR‡qi G w`bwU wQj 1855 mv‡ji 16B RyjvB| civwRZ Bs‡iR fxZ n‡q eojvU jW© Wvj‡nŠwmi (1848-1856) wb‡`©‡k AviI eo ˆmb¨eni wb‡q we‡`ªvnx‡`i `gv‡Z Av‡m| wKš‘ muvIZvj †bZv wmay, Kvby, ˆfie I Puv‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ †h cÖwZ‡iva nq Zv‡Z Bs‡iR evwnbx A‡bK ¶q¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡q QÎf½ n‡q hvq| evievi Gfv‡e civ¯Í n‡q †k‡l Bs‡iRiv wekvj evwnbx ˆZwi K‡i muvIZvj we‡`ªv‡ni MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z wbg©g AvμgY Pvjvq| GK Rwg`v‡ii cÂvkwU nvwZ‡K D‡ËwRZ K‡i MÖv‡g MÖv‡g ZvÊe Pvjv‡bvi R‡b¨ †Q‡o †`Iqv nq| MÖv‡gi evwoN‡i Av¸b †`Iqv nq| AvZ¥i¶vq e¨¯— wkï I gwnjv‡`i wbwe©Pv‡i ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq| Gfv‡e Kvcyiy‡li g‡Zv wbixn bvix-cyiyl nZ¨v I MYnv‡i Nievwo R¡vwj‡q Zviv GB we‡`ªvn ax‡i ax‡i cÖkwgZ Ki‡Z m¶g nq| GB we‡`ªv‡ni †bZvivI ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi gnvb kwn`| GiKg AmsL¨ we‡`ªvn msNwUZ n‡q‡Q evsjvq| 1857 mv‡ji HwZnvwmK wmcvwn we‡`ªvn wQj Bs‡iR‡`i weiy‡× mviv fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ cÖg we‡`ªvn, ZviI m~Pbv n‡qwQj wKš‘ evsjvq| Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : Pvi `‡j wef³ n‡q cÖwZ `‡j GKwU K‡i we‡`ªvn m¤ú‡K© mwPÎ †`Iqvj cwÎKv ˆZwi Ki| KvR- 2 : we‡`ªv‡ni †bZv‡`i m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ I Qwe w`‡q K¬v‡m †mwgbvi Ki| c‡i †mwgbv‡ii mvims‡¶c †jL| KvR- 3 : mvuIZvj we‡`ªv‡ni eY©bv `vI| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkoe 1. ˆKeZ© we‡`ªv‡ni †bZ„Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb †K? K. w`e¨ M. fxg L. i“‡`vK N. ivg 2. dwKi-mboe¨vmx‡`i AmsL¨evi Bs‡iR‡`i AvμgY i“‡L †`qvi KviYÑÑ i . wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi HK¨ ii. we‡`ªvnx †bZ„e„‡›`i `~i`wk©Zv iii. dwKi mboe¨vmx‡`i Ava¨vwZ¥K kw³ wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i I ii M. ii I iii L. i I iii N. i, ii I iii evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq 5 wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡koei DËi `vI Avãyi iv¾vK wgVvcyi Mªv‡gi GKwU HwZn¨evnx NUbv ï‡b Lye wewm¥Z nb| ga¨hy‡M H Mªv‡g Livi Kvi‡Y dmj bv nIqvq `ywf©¶ †`Lv †`q| IB mgq Rwg`viiv cÖRv‡`i †Kv‡bv mvnvh¨ bv Ki‡j K‡qKRb †bZ„¯’vbxq †jvK wg‡j Gi cÖwZev` K‡i Ges Rwg`vi evwnbx‡K civ¯Í K‡i| 3. DÏxc‡Ki NUbv †Kvb we‡`ªv‡ni †¶Î ˆZwii NUbv‡K Bw½Z K‡i? K. bxj we‡`ªvn M. ˆKeZ© we‡`ªvn L. dwKi mboe¨vmx we‡`ªvn N. mvuIZvj we‡`ªvn 4. Bw½ZKvix we‡`ªv‡ni we‡kl w`K wQj wb‡Pi †KvbwU? K. we‡`wk kvmK I †kvlYKvix‡`i `gb L. `wi`ª I Amnvq gvby‡li AvZ¥Z¨vM M. kvmK‡`i Amn‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g `gb N. mKj agx©q †bZv‡`i gnvb AvZ¥Z¨vM m„Rbkxj cÖkoe 1. dzjcyi A‡ji Amvay e¨emvqxiv wb‡R‡`i ¯^v‡_© Pvwl‡`i w`‡q †Rvi K‡i ZvgvK Pvl Kiv‡”Q| G‡Z av‡bi Drcv`b K‡g hvIqvq D³ A‡ji †jvKR‡bi Lv`¨ msKU †`Lv †`q| ZeyI e¨emvqx‡`i Pv‡c Pvwliv ZvgvK Pv‡l eva¨ nq| d‡j Pvwliv we‡`ªvnx n‡q D‡V| Pvwl‡`i G AZ¨vPvi †_‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ wbRvg mv‡ne `wi`ª wbt¯^ gvbyl‡`i‡K GKwÎZ K‡ib Ges Zv‡`i wb‡q GKwU †¯^”Qv‡meK evwnbx MVb K‡ib| K. †mKv‡j Avgv‡`i A_©bxwZ wK‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj wQj ? L. Bsj¨v‡Û wkíwec-e Kxfv‡e ïi“ n‡qwQj ? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. dzjcyi A‡ji K…lK‡`i we‡`ªv‡n †Zvgvi cvV¨eB‡qi †Kvb we‡`ªv‡ni ˆewkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q eY©bv Ki| N. wbRvg mv‡ne I wZZygx‡ii Kg©Kv‡Êi Zyjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki| 2. mwLcyi Mªv‡gi K…lK m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvKRb gnvRb‡`i Øviv Lye AZ¨vPvwiZ n‡Zv| Zv‡`i‡K Aí gRywi‡Z mvivw`b LvUvZ| G Ae¯’vq weRb I wec-e bv‡g `yB e¨w³ Zv‡`i‡K msNwUZ K‡i| Zv‡`i †bZ„‡Z¡ AZ¨vPvwiZ †kªwY HK¨e× nq| mvaviY RbMYI Zv‡`i mg_©b Rvbvq| gnvRb‡`i Rbej I A¯¿k¯¿ Zv‡`i‡K `gv‡Z cv‡iwb| K. ˆKeZ© Kv‡`i ejv n‡Zv? L. Bs‡iR Avg‡j AmsL¨ evi K…lK we‡`ªvn n‡qwQj †Kb ? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. DÏxc‡K gnvRb‡`i g‡a¨ muvIZvj we‡`ªv‡ni Kv‡`i ˆewkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡QÑÑe¨vL¨v Ki| N. DÏxc‡K AZ¨vPvwiZ †kªwYi g‡bvfveB mvuIZvj we‡`ªv‡ni mvd‡j¨i †cQ‡b g~j KviY wQjÑÑ e³e¨wU g~j¨vqb Ki| 6 evOvwji ¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvg Aa¨vq-`yB evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi cUf~wg ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥ evOvwji RvZxq Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbv| evOvwjiv cvwK¯—vb iv‡óªi †kvlY, AZ¨vPvi I ˆel‡g¨i weiy‡× avivevwnKfv‡e msMÖvg I Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q G‡mwQj| Gi g‡a¨ fvlv Av‡›`vjb, 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›Ui weRq, mvgwiK kvmb we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb, 1962 I 1964 mv‡ji QvÎ Av‡›`vjb Ab¨Zg| GQvov 1966 mv‡ji 6 `dv Av‡›`vjb, HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv, mvs¯‹…wZK ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb, 1969 mv‡ji MYAfy¨Ìvb Ges 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb evOvwji RvZxq RvMi‡Yi †¶‡Î e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| Gme Av‡›`vjb I NUbvi ga¨ w`‡qB cvwK¯—vb we‡ivax †PZbv †eMevb n‡q‡Q, evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡` DØy× n‡q‡Q gvbyl| Gi d‡jB m¤¢e n‡q‡Q 1971 mv‡ji gnvb gyw³hy‡×i g‡Zv i³¶qx mk¯¿ hy‡× e¨vcK RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY Ges †`k I RvwZi mvwe©K gyw³ AR©b| Avgv‡`i RvZxq BwZnv‡m 1947 †_‡K 1971 mvj ch©š— cvwK¯—vb ce©wUi NUbvcÖevn my`~icÖmvix| GB mg‡q cvwK¯—v‡bi Av`wk©K msKU cwi®‹vi n‡q hvq| †m m¤ú‡K© Ges cvwK¯—v‡bi weiy‡× cwiPvwjZ Av‡›`vjb I msMÖv‡gi K‡qKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Aa¨vq GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡jv| cvV-1 : cvwK¯Ív‡bi msKU eû AvKvw•¶Z ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci cvwK¯—v‡bi mªóv †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRboevnmn †`kwUi †bZ…e„‡›`i g‡a¨ iv‡óªi bxwZ, Av`k© wb‡q weåvwš— †`Lv †`q| G Ae¯’v‡K ejv hvq cwiP‡qi msKU| wn›`y gymwjg `yB c„K RvwZ, GB `vwe wQj cvwK¯—vb cÖwZôvi c‡¶ Zv‡`i cÖavb hyw³| wKš‘ ¯^vaxbZvi c‡i †bZ…e„›` eyS‡Z cvi‡jb ag© QvovI gvby‡li AviI cwiPq Av‡Q| fvlv Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB As‡ki g‡a¨ c~e© evsjvq AwaKvsk gvbyl evsjvfvlx n‡jI cwðg As‡k AšÍZ PviwU wfboe fvlvfvlx gvbyl evm K‡i| D`y©fvlvi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i HK¨e× Kiv m¤¢e n‡jI AvÂwjK I †jvKms¯‹…wZi cv_©K¨ NyPv‡bvi Dcvq wQj bv| d‡j gymwjg RvZxqZvev‡`i cÖavb cÖe³v wRboevn wb‡R ¯^vaxbZvi K‡qKw`b c‡iB MYcwil‡` ej‡jb, gymwjg-wn›`y-wLªóvb-†eŠ× wKsev cvÄvwe-evOvwj-wmwÜ-cvLZzb cwiPq fy‡j mKj‡KB GLb GK cvwK¯—vwb n‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ †mB cvwK¯—v‡bi HK¨m~Î ˆZwi Ki‡Z wM‡q Zviv Bmjvg I D`y©fvlvi Ici †Rvi †`q Avi Ab¨vb¨ ag© I Ab¨vb¨ fvlv-ms¯‹…wZi weiy‡× Ae¯’vb †bq| GgbwK evsjvfvlvi mg„× mvwnZ¨, iex›`ªbv_- gvB‡Kj-ew¼‡gi g‡Zv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K‡`i cÖwZ ˆewi Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡i| G‡Z †`‡k H‡K¨i cwie‡Z© weåvwš— Qovq I †`kevmxi g‡a¨ †`Lv †`q wefvRb| †h evOvwj gymjgvb cvwK¯—vb cÖwZôvi R‡b¨ me©vZ¥K msMÖvg K‡iwQj, bZzb †`kwU wb‡q Zv‡`i ¯^coef½ n‡jv mevi Av‡M| c~e© evsjvi we`»Rb cvwK¯—vb miKv‡ii G ai‡bi c`‡¶‡c evOvwji me©bvk †`L‡Z †c‡jb| eû fvlvwe` cwÊZ W. gyn¤§` knx`yj-vnmn G‡`‡ki AMÖYx eyw×Rxex I mvwnwZ¨Kiv evsjvfvlv, evsjv mvwnZ¨, evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ I HwZn¨ i¶vq GwM‡q Av‡mb| G mg‡q W. gyn¤§` knx`yj-vn GKwU fvl‡Y e‡jwQ‡jbÑÑÔAvgiv wn›`y ev gymwjg †hgb mZ¨, Zvi †P‡q †ewk mZ¨ Avgiv evOvwj| GwU †Kv‡bv Av`‡k©i K_v bq, GwU GKwU ev¯—e K_v| cÖK…wZ wb‡Ri nv‡Z Avgv‡`i †Pnvivq I fvlvq evOvwj‡Z¡i Ggb Qvc w`‡q‡Qb †h, Zv gvjv-wZjK-wUwK‡Z wKsev Uzwcjyw ½-`vwo‡Z XvKevi †Rv-wU †bB|Õ AvR c~e© evsjv ¯^vaxb nIqvi Pwj-k eQi c‡iI GLbI cvwK¯—vb †Zgwb Av`wk©K msK‡U fyM‡Q| Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci ci evOvwj gymjgvb‡`i ¯^coe f½ n‡jv †Kb? KvR- 2 : evOvwj RvwZ cÖm‡½ W. gyn¤§` knx`yj-vni Dw³wU DׄZ Ki| cvV-2 : ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vjb cvwK¯—v‡bi mªóv I cÖg Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRboevn †NvlYv K‡ibÑÑcvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv n‡e D`y©| 1948 m‡bi Rvbyqvwi gv‡m XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi KvR©b n‡j QvÎ-wk¶K‡`i mgv‡e‡k wZwb G †NvlYv w`‡j QvÎiv Ôbv bv bvÕÑÑ aŸwb‡Z cÖwZev` Rvbvq| †`‡ki wk¶vwe`- mvwnwZ¨K I eyw×Rxex Ges AwaKvsk ivR‰bwZK †bZv evsjv fvlvi c‡¶ Ae¯’vb †bb| cvwK¯—vb MYcwil‡` evOvwj m`m¨ GKvˇii kwn` Kzwgj-vi ax‡i›`ªbv_ `Ë ivóªfvlv evsjvi c‡¶ cÖ¯—ve DÌvcb K‡ib| wKš‘ cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb G cÖ¯—v‡ei Zxeª we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| `yt‡Li welq gymwjgjx‡Mi A‡bK evOvwj m`m¨I GB we‡ivwaZvq †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| A_P evsjviB cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv nIqv wQj hyw³hy³| cvwK¯—v‡bi ZrKvjxb †gvU RbmsL¨v wQj 6 †KvwU 90 j¶| Gi g‡a¨ 4 †KvwU 40 j¶ evOvwj| evwK AvovB †KvwU gvby‡li gvZ…fvlv wKš‘ D`©y bq| Zv‡`i ¯^-¯^ gvZ…fvlv wmwÜ, cvÄvwe, ckZz I evjyP ZZ DboeZ bv nIqvq Zv‡`i wk¶vi gva¨g wQj D`y©| †`‡ki msL¨vjNy Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv‡K msL¨v¸iy evOvwji Ici Pvwc‡q †`Iqvi †Póv K‡iwQj cvwK¯—vb| A_P evOvwjiv wKš‘ †Kej evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe K‡i wb| Zviv D`y©i cvkvcvwk ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjviI ¯^xK…wZ †P‡qwQj| gvZ…fvlvi AwaKv‡ii R‡b¨ cÖ‡`‡k GKvwaK D‡`¨v‡Mi K_v Rvbv hvq| Gig‡a¨ cÖMwZkxj ivRbxwZwe` I XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Qv·`i mgš^‡q me©`jxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` MwVZ nq| Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ QvÎ I ZiyY‡`i g‡a¨ mwμq wQ‡jb KvRx †Mvjvg gvneye, kIKZ Avjx, MvRxDj nK, †gvnv¤§` †Zvqvnv, Ave`yj gwZb, †kL gywReyi ingvb cÖgyL| 8 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi cUf‚wg †K›`ªxq kwn` wgbvi 1948 mv‡ji 11B gvP© fvlvi `vwe‡Z ag©NU WvKv n‡j Awj Avnv`, †kL gywReyi ingvb, KvRx †Mvjvg gvneyemn AwaKvsk †bZv †MÖßvi nb| `gb-cxo‡b Av‡›`vjb wKš‘ eÜ nq wb| eis Av‡›`vj‡bi c_ a‡i 1952 mv‡ji kx‡Z XvKvq MY-cwil‡`i Awa‡ekb em‡j QvÎiv MY-cwil` †NivI K‡i ivóªfvlv evsjvi `vwe‡Z ¯§viKwjwc †`Iqvi wm×vš— †bq| w`bwU wQj 21†k †deªyqvwi| gyL¨gš¿x b~iyj Avwg‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ gymwjgjxM miKvi Qv·`i evav †`Iqvi wm×vš— †bq| miKvi XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq GjvKvq 144 aviv Rvwi K‡i| A_©vr PviR‡bi †ewk GK‡RvU n‡q iv¯—vq wgwQj Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| wKš‘ msMÖvgx QvÎiv Zv gvb‡e †Kb? Zviv gvZ…fvlvi gh©v`v I AwaKvi i¶vq Av‡cvmnxb mvnmx f~wgKv wb‡Z cÖ¯‘Z| Av‡Mi iv‡Z mfv K‡i QvÎiv 144 aviv †f‡O wgwQj †ei Kivi wm×vš— †bq| †mw`b Av‡›`vjbKvix‡`i †VKv‡Z cywjk A¯¿ nv‡Z Suvwc‡q c‡owQj| cÖ‡g Zviv jvwV PvR© Ki‡jv I Kuv`v‡b M¨vm Qzuo‡jv| Zv‡ZI `gv‡Z cvi‡jv bv we‡¶vfKvix‡`i| wgwQ‡j †bZ…Z¡ w`w”Q‡jb Ave`yj gwZb I MvRxDj nK| Gevi ¸wj Pvjv‡jv cywjk| ¸wj‡Z wbnZ n‡jb iwdK DwÏb, Avãyj ReŸvi Ges Aveyj eiKZ| Avn‡Zi msL¨v wQj A‡bK| Zv‡`i XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R fwZ© Kiv nq| G‡`i g‡a¨ Ave`ym mvjvg wPwKrmvaxb Ae¯’vq gviv hvb| bq eQ‡ii wK‡kvi IwnDj-vnI cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z wbnZ n‡qwQj| Zuviv mevB fvlv kwn`| †hLv‡b QvÎ nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q †mB ¯’v‡b 23†k †deªyqvwi ˆZwi Kiv nq GKwU kwn` wgbvi| 1963 mv‡j GB A¯’vqx wgbviwUi ¯’‡j eo K‡i kwn` wgbvi ˆZwi Kiv nq| GwUB XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri mvg‡b Mov †K›`ªxq kwn` wgbvi| fvlv Av‡›`vjb †_‡K AR©b evOvwj ey‡Ki i³ w`‡q gvZ…fvlvi m¤§vb i¶v Ki‡Z †c‡iwQj| †kl ch©š— c~e© evsjvi AvBbmfv evsjv fvlv‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv Kivi c‡¶ wm×vš— MÖnY K‡i| Gfv‡e 1956 wLªóv‡ã iwPZ cvwK¯—v‡bi msweav‡b Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjvi ¯^xK…wZi gva¨‡g fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mgvwß N‡U| evsjv Ges D`y© `yB fvlvB cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlvi gh©v`v jvf K‡i| gvZ…fvlvi ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q Avi miKv‡ii weiy‡× Av‡›`vjb K‡i b¨vh¨ `vwe Av`v‡q mdj n‡q wkw¶Z evOvwji g‡b RvZxq †PZbv †Rvi`vi nq| evsjvfvlv, evsjv mvwnZ¨ Ges evOvwji nvRvi eQ‡ii ms¯‹…wZ wb‡q †m Me© I AvZ¥wek¦vm wd‡i cvq| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq 9 fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b kwn‡`i K‡qKRb kwn` mvjvg kwn` ReŸvi kwn` iwdK kwn` eiKZ 52Õ i fvlv kwn` kwn` kwdDi fvlvi Rb¨ evOvwji GB gnvb Av‡›`vjb‡K kª×v Rvbvq wek¦evmx| 1999 wLªóv‡ã Avgv‡`i fvlv Av‡›`vjb Avš—R©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| †m eQi 17B b‡f¤^i BD‡b‡¯‹v 21†k †deªyqvwi‡K Avš—R©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`em wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`q| ZvB GLb cÖwZeQi 21†k †deªyqvwi c„w_exi mKj RvwZ wbR wbR gvZ…fvlv‡K we‡kl m¤§vb Rvwb‡q ¯§iY K‡i| †mB mv‡_ ¯§iY K‡i fvlvi Rb¨ evOvwji AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi K_v| Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : ivóªfvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi KviY¸‡jv D‡j-L Ki| KvR- 2 : fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi djvdj m¤ú‡K© †Zvgvi aviYv wb‡Ri fvlvq †jL| cvV- 3 : hy³d«›U cvwK¯—vb m„wói ci †_‡KB kvmK‡`i loh‡š¿ c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi gvby‡li g‡b †¶vf `vbv euva‡Z _v‡K| AvZ¥i¶v I AvZ¥weKv‡ki cÖ‡koe bvbv g‡Zi gvbyl GK n‡Z _v‡Kb| ¶gZvmxb `j gymwjgjxM †hb lohš¿ Avi †kvl‡Yi cÖZxK n‡q I‡V| evOvwj RvwZi R‡b¨ G wQj μvwš—Kvj| ¶gZvmxb gymwjgjxM‡K civwRZ K‡i evOvwji AwaKvi cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ G‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ivR‰bwZK `j I †bZ…e„›` wg‡j wbe©vPb‡K mvg‡b †i‡L 1954 mv‡j GKwU †RvU MVb K‡ib| G †RvUB hy³d«›U bv‡g cwiwPZ| wbe©vP‡b hy³d«›U wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| hy³d«›U MVb I 21 `dv Kg©m~wP hy³d«‡›U KqwU `j wQj Ges †Kvb †Kvb `j Zv GLb †R‡b †bB| GwU wKš‘ cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB As‡ki cvjv©‡g›U ev msm` wb‡q MwVZ RvZxq cwil‡`i wbe©vPb wQj bv| GwU wQj ïay c~e© evsjvi AvBb cwil‡`i wbe©vPb| G wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›U †hvM †`q AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM, K…lK kªwgK cvwU©, †bRv‡g Bmjvgx Ges MYZš¿x `j| 1949 mv‡j MwVZ nq AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM| GB `jB wQj eo| 1955 mvj †_‡K ÔgymwjgÕ kãwU ev` w`‡q `jwUi bvg nq AvIqvgx jxM| ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jxMmn †gvU 16wU `j G wbe©vP‡b Ask 10 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi cUf‚wg †k‡i evsjv G †K dRjyj nK gvIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx †bq| Z‡e g~j cÖwZØw›ØZv nq hy³d«›U I gymwjg jx‡Mi g‡a¨| hy³d«›U Ô†bŠKvÕ cÖZxK wb‡q wbe©vPb K‡i| hy³d«‡›Ui †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb ZrKvjxb evsjvi wZb cÖexY †bZv ÑÑ †k‡i evsjv G †K dRjyj nK, gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx Ges †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x| ZiyY‡`i g‡a¨ †kL gywReyi ingvb mK‡ji `„wó AvKl©Y K‡ib I RbwcÖq n‡q I‡Vb| hy³d«›U RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zv‡`i 21 `dv Kg©m~wP cÖKvk K‡i| G‡Z cvwK¯—v‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjvi ¯^xK…wZ, Rwg`vwi cÖv evwZj, cvUwkí RvZxqKiY, mgevqwfwËK K…wl e¨e¯’v, we‡b cqmvq I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v`vb Aš—fy©³ K‡i| GQvov mg¯— Ab¨vq AvBbKvbyb evwZj, 52 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi kwn` ¯§i‡Y kwn` wgbvi wbg©vY, 21†k †deªyqvwi miKvwi QzwU †NvlYv Ges c~e© evsjvi ¯^vqËkvm‡bi K_vI ejv nq| evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i Dboeq‡bi R‡b¨ evsjv GKv‡Wgx cÖwZôvi K_vI G‡Z wQj| wbe©vP‡bi djvdj ZLb gymjgvb I Ab¨vb¨ ag©vej¤^x‡`i Avjv`v Avmb wQj, Avjv`v †fvU n‡Zv| c~e© evsjv AvBb cwil` wbe©vP‡b 237 gymwjg Avm‡bi g‡a¨ hy³d«›U 223 Avmb †c‡q msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM Zv‡`i Rb¨ eivÏK…Z 143wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ me KqwU‡Z Rqjvf K‡i RbwcÖqZvi cÖgvY †`q| Avi ¶vgZvmxb gymwjg jx‡Mi mKj gš¿x civwRZ nb Ges `jwU gvÎ 10wU Avmb cvq| hy³d«‡›Ui G weRq‡K †`k-we‡`‡ki cÎcwÎKv Ôe¨vjU wec-eÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i| G wbe©vPb wQj c~e©-evsjvq cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i †fv‡U cÖg me©Rbxb wbe©vPb| evOvwj RvwZ wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi i¶vi Rb¨ D¾xweZ n‡q hy³d«‡›Ui †bŠKv cÖZx‡K †fvU †`q| ïay ag© wb‡q evovevwo K‡i gvbyl‡K †h †avuKv †`qv hvq bv gymwjg jx‡Mi djvdj wech©‡q Zv cÖgvwYZ nq| fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ we‡ivax Ae¯’vb wb‡q K‡Vvi `gbbxwZ I ˆ¯^ikvmb Pvwj‡q †Kv‡bv miKvi †h wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i bv ZvI cÖgvwYZ nq| evOvwji bZzb G RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv cieZ©xKv‡j mKj Av‡›`vjb I wbe©vP‡b †cÖiYv RywM‡q‡Q| Avi Ab¨w`‡K gymwjgjxM GKwU MYwe‡ivax `j wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ nq| 1957 mv‡ji g‡a¨ `jwU eûav wef³ n‡q cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóª¶gZv †_‡K we`vq †bq| 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b G `jwU GKwU AvmbI cvqwb| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq 11 †nv‡mb knx` †mvIivIqv`©x †kL gywReyi ingvb gymwjgjx‡Mi civRq I hy³d«‡›Ui weR‡qi KviY ¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡K gymwjg jx‡Mi f~wgKv evOvwj‡K ¶zä K‡iwQj| Avi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi weR‡qi d‡j †`‡k ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi R‡b¨ Zv‡`i AvKv•¶v †eMevb n‡q I‡V| hy³dª‡›U wewfboe `j I g‡Zi gvbyl GKwÎZ n‡qwQj| GwU hy³d«‡›Ui mnR weR‡qi Ab¨Zg KviY| G `‡ji Kg©m~wP‡Z RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi cÖwZdjb N‡U| evsjvfvlvi gh©v`v `vb, cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb, K…lK, kªwgK, QvÎmn mKj †kªwYi gvby‡li K_v G‡Z wQj| 21 `dv Kg©m~wPI Zv‡`i mnR weR‡qi KviY| hy³d«‡›U cÖexY-ZiyY †bZv I Kg©xi mgš^q N‡U| cvkvcvwk ZiyY‡`i cÖPvi Awfhvb wQj †Pv‡L covi g‡Zv| Ab¨w`‡K gymwjg jx‡Mi Kg©m~wP wQj A¯úó I †MuvRvwg‡j fiv| MYwew”Qboe †bZv-Kg©xiv hy³d«‡›Ui Kg©x‡`i cÖPvivwfhv‡bi †Rvqv‡i †f‡m hvb| gymwjg jx‡Mi `ytkvmb, `ªe¨g~‡j¨i EaŸ©MwZ, †kvlY, `‡ji g‡a¨ Aš—Ø©›Ø, `yb©xwZ, cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB As‡ki ˆelg¨ BZ¨vw` wQj gymwjgjx‡Mi cZ‡bi KviY| Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : hy³d«‡›Ui 21 `dvi g~j `vwe¸‡jv †jL| KvR- 2 : c„K c„K Q‡K gymwjg jx‡Mi civRq I hy³d«‡›Ui R‡qi KviY¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki| cvV-4 : MYAv‡›`vjb †_‡K MYAfy¨Ìvb mvgwiK kvmb I MYAv‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv cvwK¯—v‡bi lohš¿ KLbI †_‡g _v‡K wb| Zv eivei Ae¨vnZ wQj| `yB gv‡mi gv_vq we‡kl ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i hy³d«›U miKvi †f‡O †`Iqv nq| Gic‡i cvwK¯—v‡bi msweavb Abyhvqx †emvgwiK miKvi MVb Kiv n‡jI AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZi AebwZ †`wL‡q B¯‹v›`vi gxR©v 1958 mv‡ji 7B A‡±vei †`‡k mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi K‡ib| mKj ivR‰bwZK `j wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq| cÖavb mvgwiK kvmK wbhy³ Kiv nq cÖavb †mbvcwZ †Rbv‡ij gyn¤§` AvBqye Lvb‡K| Gmgq Aveyj gbmyi Avng` I †kL gywReyi ingvbmn eû evOvwj †bZv‡K †MÖßvi Kiv nq| 20 w`‡bi g‡a¨B AvBqye Lvb Zvi wb‡qvMKZ©v B¯‹v›`vi gxR©v‡K c`Pz¨Z K‡i cvwK¯—vb †Q‡o P‡j †h‡Z eva¨ K‡ib| Gevi wZwb wb‡R‡K †NvlYv K‡ib cvwK¯—v‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U| AvBqye Lv‡bi kvmbKv‡j ax‡i ax‡i evOvwj HK¨e× nq| Zviv GK ch©v‡q mvgwiK kvm‡bi weiy‡× Av‡›`vjb ïiy K‡i| AvBqye Lv‡bi bvbv AZ¨vPv‡iI evOvwj wcQz n‡Uwb| wewfboe `vwe‡Z ivRc_ cÖKw¤úZ n‡Z _v‡K| QvÎ Av‡›`vjb AvBqye Lv‡bi weiy‡× c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi QvÎiv cÖ g Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| wk¶vi †¶‡Î cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB As‡ki g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ ˆZwi K‡iwQj cvwK¯—vb kvmKiv| c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b wk¶vi Rb¨ Lye Kg A_© eivÏ Kiv n‡Zv| GLv‡b cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq wk¶v cÖwZôvbI wQj Kg| 1958 12 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi cUf‚wg †_‡K 1962 mvj ch©š— ivRbxwZ wbwl× wQj Ges ZLb A‡bK ivR‰bwZK †bZv‡K KvivMv‡i e›`x Kiv nq| GB ivR‰bwZK k~b¨Zv c~i‡Yi Rb¨ evOvwj QvÎiv GwM‡q Av‡mb| 1962 mv‡j AvBqye Lvb GKwU msweavb iPbv K‡ib| GB msweav‡b evOvwji MYZvwš¿K AvKv•¶v ¶zYoe nq, mKj ¶gZv †K›`ªxf~Z K‡i †cÖwm‡W›U c×wZi kvm‡bi weavb ivLv nq| 1962-Gi gvSvgvwS GB msweavb evwZ‡ji `vwe‡Z QvÎiv Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| Z‡e Qv·`i Av‡›`vjb A‡bK †ewk †Rviv‡jv i~c cvq miKvi wk¶vbxwZ †NvlYv Ki‡j| kwid Kwgkb bv‡g cwiwPZ GB wk¶v bxwZ‡Z evsjvi e`‡j cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB As‡ki Rb¨ Awfboe eY©gvjv Pvjy Kiv, A‰eZwbK wk¶v evwZj Kiv, D”Pwk¶v jv‡fi my‡hvM Kwg‡q †`qv BZ¨vw` weavb †hvM Kiv n‡qwQj| GB wk¶vbxwZ evwZ‡ji Rb¨ QvÎiv Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| GB Av‡›`vjb ax‡i ax‡i †`‡ki mKj wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b Qwo‡q c‡o| Qv·`i Zxeª Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j †kl ch©š— miKvi kwid Kwgkb evwZj Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| †kL gywR‡ei Abb¨ f~wgKv Gevi AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ evsjvi gvbyl bZzb K‡i ivRc‡_ bv‡g| ¯^vwaKvi i¶vi Av‡›`vj‡b cÖavb †bZ…‡Z¡ P‡j Av‡mb †kL gywReyi ingvb| 1966 mv‡ji 5 †deªyqvwi jv‡nv‡i we‡ivax `‡ji GK m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| GLv‡b †kL gywRe c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b evOvwji me ai‡bi AwaKvi wd‡i cvIqvi Rb¨ 6 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib| GB 6 `dv wQj g~jZ ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi `vwe| A_©vr cvwK¯—v‡bi mv‡_ hy³ †_‡KB c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi kvm‡bi `vwqZ¡ I ¶gZv _vK‡e c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi gvby‡li nv‡Z| 6 `dv : evsjvi gvby‡li gyw³i `wjj 6 `dvi gva¨‡g Kx Kx `vwe Kiv n‡qwQj Zv Gevi †R‡b wbB| 1. 1940 mv‡ji jv‡nvi cÖ¯—v‡ei wfwˇZ cvwK¯—vb ivóªwU MwVZ n‡qwQj| ZLb ejv n‡qwQj bZyb †`kwU‡Z msm`xq c×wZi miKvi _vK‡e| Avi AvBbmfv ev msm` MwVZ n‡e cÖvßeq¯‹ mKj bvMwi‡Ki †fv‡U| cvwK¯—vb miKvi‡K GB cÖ¯—ve ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq 13 Qq `dvi Rbmfvq †kL gywReyi ingvb 2. c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi wbe©vwPZ †bZviv wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i †`k kvmb Ki‡eb| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vK‡e ïay †`ki¶v I ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi `vwqZ¡| 3. c~e© I cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡bi Rb¨ `y‡Uv wfboe gy`ªv Pvjy _vK‡e, Z‡e `yB As‡kB Zv mn‡R e¨envi Kiv hv‡e| 4. AvÂwjK miKvi hvi hvi A‡ji mKj cÖKvi U¨v· I LvRbv avh© Ges Av`v‡qi ¶gZv ivL‡e| Av`vq Kiv A‡_©i GKwU Ask †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Lv‡Z Rgv n‡e| 5. cÖwZ A‡ji ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv Av‡qi wnmve Avjv`v K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e| AvÂwjK miKviB we‡`‡ki mv‡_ evwYR¨ Pzw³ I Avg`vwb-ißvwb Kivi AwaKvi ivL‡e| 6. c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi Rb¨ Avjv`v K‡i GKwU Avav-mvgwiK evwnbx MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| 6 `dv `vwei cÖwZwμqv 6 `dv `vwe †`‡L kw¼Z n‡q hvb AvBqye Lvb| KviY ¯^vqZ¡kvmb †c‡q †M‡j eÜ n‡q hv‡e c~e©- cvwK¯—v‡b †kvlY| ZvQvov GKmgq AÂjwU ¯^vaxb n‡q hvIqvi Avk¼vI Zviv KiZ| Gfv‡e K‡g hv‡e Zv‡`i ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi fvM| KviY c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b Drcvw`Z cvU wewμi UvKvB wQj cvwK¯—v‡bi we‡`wk gy`ªv Av‡qi me‡P‡q eo gva¨g| wKš‘ GB UvKv c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi DboewZ‡Z e¨q bv K‡i e¨q Kiv n‡Zv cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡bi mvgwiK I †emvgwiK †¶‡Î| eo eo PvKzwi‡Z evOvwj‡K Lye KgB my‡hvM †`qv n‡Zv| wKš‘ ¯^vqZ¡kvmb †c‡q †M‡j cwðg-cvwK¯—vwb‡`i GK‡PwUqv myweav cvIqv m¤¢e n‡e bv| ZvB Avevi ïiy nq lohš¿| GB mgq †kL gywR‡ei weiy‡× miKvi cÖ‡`‡ki bvbv †Rjvq gvgjv w`‡Z _v‡K| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZv Kg©x‡`i †MÖßvi K‡i Zv‡`i weiy‡× gvgjv w`‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e Pig nqivwbi wkKvi nb †kL gywReyi ingvb I ZvRDwÏb Avng`mn AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZviv| wKš‘ wecyj Rbmg_©b I †kL gywRemn †bZ…e„‡›`i `„pZvi d‡j wKQy‡ZB Av‡›`vjb `gv‡bv hvq wb| Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : mvgwiK kvmb-we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv n‡jv †Kb? KvR- 2 : 1962 mv‡ji QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi K‡qKwU KviY D‡j-L Ki| KvR- 3 : 6 `dvi-`dv¸‡jv eY©bv Ki| cvV-5 : HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv 6 `dv Av‡›`vjb‡K `gb Kivi Rb¨ kvmKiv †kL gywReyi ingvb I Ab¨vb¨ †bZv‡`i weiy‡× gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i| GB gvgjvq we‡klZ wegvb, †bŠ I mvgwiK evwnbxi wKQy evOvwj Awdmvi‡K Rov‡bv nq| GQvov wZbRb kxl©¯’vbxq evOvwj †emvgwiK Kg©KZ©v‡KI Awfhy³ Kiv nq| ejv nq evOvwj †bZv †kL gywReyi ingvb Ges mvgwiK I †emvgwiK Kg©KZ©viv fvi‡Zi AvMiZjvq e‡m fvi‡Zi mv‡_ †Mvcb 14 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi cUf‚wg lohš¿ K‡i cvwK¯—v‡bi ¶wZ Ki‡Z Pv‡”Q| GB Awf‡hv‡M Zuv‡`i †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| BwZnv‡m GwU AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv bv‡g cwiwPZ| cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡`i D‡Ïk¨ wQj, †kL gywReyi ingvb I Ab¨vb¨‡`i AZ¨vPvi K‡i, †Mvcb wePv‡i duvwm w`‡q evOvwji Av‡›`vjb _vwg‡q †`Iqv| wKš‘ †kl ch©š— QvÎ-RbZvi Zxeª Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L G gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡Z cvwK¯Ívb miKvi eva¨ nq| 11 `dv Av‡›`vjb wKš‘ wec-ex evOvwj `‡g hvevi cvÎ bq| ïiy n‡q hvq e¨vcK MYAv‡›`vjb| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎiv 6 `dvi cvkvcvwk bZzb 11 `dv Av‡›`vjb wb‡q gv‡V bv‡g| 11 `dv Kg©m~wP‡Z gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g wk¶v I Awdm Av`vj‡Z evsjvfvlv Pvjy, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq AwW©b¨vÝ evwZjmn wek¦we`¨vj‡q c~Y© ¯^vqË¡kvmb, QvÎ †eZb 50fvM Kgv‡bv, hvbevn‡b Qv·`i 50 fvM Kg fvov MÖnYÑÑGme `vwe hy³ Kiv nq| G QvovI 11 `dvi g‡a¨ AviI A‡bK b¨vqm½Z `vwe wQj| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v e„w×, LvRbv I U¨v· Kgv‡bv, e¨v¼, exgv I wkí cÖwZôvb RvZxqKiY Kiv, ivRe›`x‡`i gyw³ BZ¨vw` D‡j-L‡hvM¨| Ebmˇii MYAfy¨Ìvb 1966 mv‡j e½eÜz 6 `dv `vwe †NvlYv Kivi ci †_‡KB mviv c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi gvby‡li g‡b GKw`‡K †¶v‡fi Av¸b R¡‡j D‡V Avi Ab¨w`‡K fwel¨Z wb‡q Avkvev` m„wó nq| Qv·`i 11 `dvi Av‡›`vjb G ¯^Ztù~Z© RvMiY‡K AviI e¨vcK I †Rvi`vi K‡i| Avi cywjwk wbh©vZ‡bi GKwU NUbv gvby‡li cÖwZev`x †PZbv I Av‡›`vj‡bi ¯ú„nv‡K D¾xweZ K‡i| Gig‡a¨ HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv †hgb e½eÜz‡K wKse`š—xi bvq‡K iƒcvš—wiZ K‡i‡Q †Zgwb cvwK¯—v‡bi cÖwZ gvby‡li N„Yv I †¶vf‡K eû¸Y evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| ivRkvnx‡Z Aa¨vcK kvgmy‡¾vnv, e›`x Ae¯’vq mv‡R©›U Rûiyj nK, wgwQ‡j Qv·bZv Avmv` wKsev wK‡kvi gwZD‡ii g„Zz¨ Av‡›`vjb‡K MYAfy¨Ìv‡b i~c w`‡q‡Q| 1969 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi †_‡K ïiy K‡i 25†k gvP© Zvui cZb ch©š— msNwUZ MYAfy¨Ìv‡bi †Rvqv‡i AvBqy‡ei ˆ¯^ikvmb wU‡K _vK‡Z e¨_© nq| AvBqye Lvb 22‡k †deªyqvwi AvMiZjv wg_¨v gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i mKj e›`x‡K wbtkZ© gyw³i †NvlYv w`‡Z eva¨ nb| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq 15 kwn` Avmv` kwn` mv‡R©›U Rûiyj nK kwn` W. kvgmy‡¾vnv Kvivgy³ †kL gywRe‡K 23‡k †deªyqvwi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gv‡b †mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb) wekvj MYmsea©bv †`Iqv nq| GLv‡b QvÎ msMÖvg cwil‡`i c¶ †_‡K Zuv‡K Ôe½eÜyÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ Kiv nq| RvwZi cÖwZ †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi wekvj Ae`v‡bi K_v ¯§iY K‡i Avgiv me mgq Zuvi bv‡gi Av‡M Ôe½eÜzÕ m¤¢vlY Kie| MYAfy¨Ìv‡bi ¸iyZ¡ Ebmˇii MYAfy¨Ìvb wQj AvBqye Lv‡bi kvmbvg‡j me‡P‡q kw³kvjx Av‡›`vjb| hw`I mvaviY `vwe wb‡q G Av‡›`vjb ïiy n‡qwQj wKš‘ μgvš^‡q Zv RbM‡Yi ¯^vqËkvmb I AwaKvi cÖwZôvi msMÖv‡g cwiYZ nq| gvÎ wZb gv‡mi g‡a¨ Av‡›`vjb XvKv kni †cwi‡q MÖv‡g-M‡Ä Qwo‡q c‡o| RbM‡Yi HK¨, RvMiY †h ˆ¯^ivPvix kvmK‡`i ey‡j‡Ui †P‡q kw³kvjx Zv G Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖgvwYZ nq| G Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j QvÎiv RvwZ‡K †bZ…‡Z¡i bZzb cÖRb¥ Dcnvi †`q| Qv·`i HK¨ ivRbxwZwe`‡`iI HK¨e× K‡i| †kl ch©š— AvBqye Lvb c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| Gfv‡e Ebmˇii MYAfy¨Ìvb evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk NwU‡q ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMvq| MYAfy¨Ìvb evOvwji msMÖvgx †PZbv‡K kvwYZ K‡i, evOvwj‡K mvnmx RvwZ‡Z i~cvš—wiZ K‡i| me‡P‡q eo K_v evOvwj‡K Z¨v‡Mi g‡š¿ HK¨e× K‡i MYAfy¨Ìvb| Gi m~Î a‡iB c~e© evsjvi Ici cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡bi Avwac‡Z¨i Aemvb nq| ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi †cQ‡b Ebmˇii MYAfy¨Ìv‡bi f~wgKv Acwimxg| Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c †jL| KvR- 2 : MYAfy¨Ìv‡b QvÎ mgv‡Ri f~wgKv eY©bv Ki| KvR- 3 : evOvwji Av‡›`vjb msMÖvg wb‡q iwPZ †Zvgvi Rvbv KweZv, Mvb, Mí, Dcb¨vm I Pjw”P‡Îi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki| cvV- 6 : 1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vPb AvBqye Lvb cvwK¯—v‡bi †mbv cÖavb Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi nv‡Z †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui `vwqZ¡ w`‡q c`Z¨vM K‡ib| ¶gZv MªnY K‡iB Bqvwnqv Lvb evOvwj‡K kvš— Kivi j‡¶¨ 1970 mv‡j mvaviY wbe©vPb †`Iqvi A½xKvi K‡ib| 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb wQj cvwK¯—v‡bi `ywU As‡ki †kl wbe©vPb| wbe©vP‡bi djvdj wQj 6 `dvwfwËK evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i weRq| G wbe©vP‡bi d‡j ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvi c_ cÖk¯— nq| Gevi Avgiv †R‡b wbB Kxfv‡e Ges †Kvb †Kvb `j G wbe©vP‡b Ask †bq| ZLb cvwK¯—v‡bi cvj©v‡g›U ev 16 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi cUf‚wg 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPbx cÖPviYvq e½eÜz msm` wQj `yBwU| cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB Ask wb‡q RvZxq cwil`, G‡Z m`m¨ msL¨v wQj 300| Gi g‡a¨ RbmsL¨vi wfwˇZ c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ wQj 162 Ges evwK 138wU cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi wewfboe A‡ji Rb¨ eivÏ wQj| c~e© cvwK¯—vb cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` 300 Ges cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi 4wU cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`i Rb¨ wQj 300 Avmb| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi 1970 mv‡ji 7B wW‡m¤^i RvZxq cwil` I 17B wW‡m¤^i cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`i wbe©vP‡bi ZvwiL †NvlYv K‡i| cvwK¯—v‡bi †gvU 24wU `j RvZxq cwil` wbe©vP‡b Ask †bq| `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM, cvwK¯—vb wccjm cvwU© (wcwcwc), cvwK¯—vb †W‡gv‡μwUK cvwU© (wcwWwc), Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx, †bRv‡g Bmjvgx, Bmjvgx MYZš¿x `j, b¨vc (Iqvjx) Ask †bq| wbe©vP‡bi djvdj 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb djvd‡ji w`K w`‡q wQj LyeB D‡j-L‡hvM¨| wbe©vPb g~jZ AvIqvgx jxM I AvIqvgx jxM we‡ivax i~c wb‡jI we‡ivax c¶ RbM‡Yi KvQvKvwQB †cŠuQv‡Z cv‡iwb| RvZxq cwil‡` c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi 162 wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM 160wU Avmb cvq| wcwcwc cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b †gvU 83 Avmb †c‡q wØZxq ¯’v‡b _v‡K| msiw¶Z gwnjv Avmbmn RvZxq cwil‡` Gfv‡e 313 Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 167wU Avmb †c‡q AvIqvgx jxM GKK msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i| G‡¶‡Î miKvi MV‡bi Rb¨ AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb wQj 151wU Avmb, hv cvwK¯—v‡bi Ab¨ †Kvb `‡ji wQj bv| cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`I c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b AvIqvgx jxM GKBfv‡e mdj nq| GLv‡b AvIqvgx jxM 310 Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 298wU Avmb †c‡q wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| AvIqvgx jxM cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b †Kvb Avmb cvqwb Avi wcwcwc c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b †Kvb cÖv_©xB †`qwb| wbe©vP‡bi ¸iyZ¡ cvwK¯—vb miKv‡ii eû †Póv m‡Ë¡I AvIqvgxjxM-we‡ivax `j¸‡jv wbe©vP‡b cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡iwb| 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯—vb m„wói ci †_‡K evOvwj RvwZ fvlv, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZi w`K †_‡K †h ¯^vZš¿¨ `vwe K‡i AvmwQj G wbe©vP‡bi weR‡q †hb Zv ¯^xK…wZ cvq| Gevi wbwðZ nIqv hvq †h, evOvwj GKwU Avjv`v RvwZ| G wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b Ges wcwcwc cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b cÖvavb¨ jvf K‡i| d‡j GUvB cÖgvwYZ nq †h, cwðg-cvwK¯—vb KZ…©K c~e© cvwK¯—vb‡K kvmb Kiv A‰ea| evOvwji GZw`‡bi ¯^vqËkvmb `vwe †h ˆea ZvI cÖgvwYZ nq| G wbe©vP‡b Rqjv‡fi gva¨‡g AvIqvgx jxM I e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb evOvwj RvwZi gyw³i cÖZx‡K cwiYZ nb| Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnYKvix `j¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki| KvR- 2 : 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Ki| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq 17 cvV- 7 I 8 : c~e© I cwðg-cvwK¯Ív‡bi ˆelg¨ cvwK¯—vb iv‡óªi Rb¥ nIqvi ci †`Lv hvq cwðg-cvwK¯—vwb kvmKiv evOvwj‡K Avcb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡iwb| Avi Zv‡Z GK we‡`wk kvm‡Ki e`‡j evOvwjiv †c‡jv bZzb we‡`wk kvmK| cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB As‡ki ga¨Kvi m¤úK© n‡q coj †kvlK I †kvwl‡Zi| Avgiv njvg †kvwlZ †kªwYi| ivR‰bwZK, cÖkvmwbK, mvgwiK, A_©‰bwZK, wk¶v, mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î cvwK¯—v‡bi c~e© I cwðgv‡ji gv‡S e¨vcK ˆel‡g¨i gva¨‡g evOvwj‡`i `wg‡q ivLvi †Póv Kiv nq| wKš‘ evOvwjiv wewfboefv‡e GB †kvl‡Yi weiy‡× cÖwZev` Rvbvq| me‡k‡l gyw³msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g evOvwjiv bZzb ivóª cÖwZôv K‡i| ivR‰bwZK ˆelg¨ nvRvi gvB‡ji e¨eav‡b M‡o IVv cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB As‡ki g‡a¨ ïiy‡ZB ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î evOvwj‡`i cÖwZ ˆelg¨ Kiv nq| cvwK¯—v‡bi RbmsL¨vi eo Ask evOvwj n‡jI XvKvi e`‡j KivwP‡Z bZzb iv‡óªi ivRavbx ¯’vwcZ nq| iv‡óªi eo c` Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij, cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿mfvi †ewkifvM m`m¨ cwðg cvwK¯—vb †_‡K †bIqv n‡Zv| 1947-71 mvj ch©š— †K›`ªxq gš¿x‡`i 211 R‡bi g‡a¨ evOvwj wQ‡jb gvÎ 95 Rb| AvBqye Lv‡bi Avg‡j 62 Rb gš¿xi g‡a¨ gvÎ 22 Rb wQ‡jb evOvwj| Gme evOvwj gš¿x‡`i Avevi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwqZ¡ †`qv nqwb| 1958 mv‡j mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi Kiv nq| mvgwiK kvm‡b ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Kg©KvÊ, msm` Kvh©μg, †gŠwjK AwaKvi me ¯’wMZ K‡i ivLv nq| AvBqye Avg‡j (1958-69) evOvwj ivRbxwZwe`‡`i `g‡b †Rj, Rwigvbv QvovI wewfboe Av‡`k I Aa¨v‡`‡ki gva¨‡g wbe©vP‡b A‡hvM¨ †NvlYv Kiv nq| GgbwK lohš¿g~jKfv‡e e½eÜz‡K cÖnm‡bi wePv‡i dvuwm †`qvi Rb¨ Zvu‡Kmn 35 R‡bi weiy‡× AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i miKvi| 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM Rqx n‡jI Zv‡`i miKvi MVb Ki‡Z †`qv nqwb| Gi d‡j cvwK¯—vb ivóªKvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ evOvwji ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe ¯^vaxbZvi `vwe‡Z i~cvš—wiZ nq| cÖkvmwbK ˆelg¨ GKwU bexb Dboeqbkxj iv‡óª mvaviYZ miKvwi PvKwi‡ZB †ewki fvM gvbyl †hvM w`‡Z Pvq| G‡Z ivóª †Kv‡bv ˆelg¨ ev evav m„wó Ki‡j Zv n‡e †gŠwjK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKvi jsNb| msweav‡bI Avgv‡`i wbR wbR †ckv MÖn‡Yi wbðqZv †`Iqv nq| A_P cvwK¯—vb Avg‡j ivóª ¯^qs ˆelg¨‡K ivóªbxwZ wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`q| cÖkvmwbK †¶‡Î evOvwjiv †hvM¨Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I b¨vh¨ c` 18 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi cUf‚wg c~e©-cvwK¯Ívb I cwðg-cvwK¯Ív‡bi ˆel‡g¨i †cv÷vi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡Zv| wb‡R‡`i †jvK‡`i †ewk I ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c‡` wb‡qvM w`‡q cvwK¯—vb‡K Zviv wbqš¿Y KiZ| G Kvi‡Y miKvwi c‡` †ewki fvM wQj cwðg-cvwK¯—vwb| ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gš¿Yvjq †hgb cÖwZi¶v, ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡q evOvwj‡`i eo c‡` †bqv n‡Zv bv| G‡¶‡Î cvwK¯—v‡bi cÖg †kªwYi c‡` gvÎ 23 fvM evOvwj †bqv n‡Zv| ZvQvov †K›`ªxq e¨vsK, †ijI‡q, Ki‡cv‡ikbmn miKvi wbqwš¿Z wewfboe Kvh©vj‡q evOvwj‡`i wb‡qv‡M GKB iKg ˆelg¨ Kiv n‡Zv| mvgwiK †¶‡Î ˆelg¨ †mbv, †bŠ, wegvb evwnbx‡ZI G ˆelg¨ bxwZ envj wQj| cvwK¯—v‡bi cÖwZi¶v evwnbxi 3wU m`i `ßi I mgiv¯¿ KviLvbv wQj cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b| mvgwiK evwnbxi Awdmvi c‡` gvÎ kZKiv 5 fvM wQ‡jb evOvwj| †mbvevwnbxi gvÎ 4 fvM †jvK evOvwj wQ‡jb| †bŠ I wegvb evwnbx‡Z wKQy †ewk wb‡qvM †`qv n‡jI Zv D‡j-L‡hvM¨ wQj bv| mvgwiK evwnbxi Rb¨ ev‡R‡Ui kZKiv 60 fvM eivÏ n‡Zv hvi †ewki fvM e¨q Kiv n‡Zv cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b| c‡`vboewZi †¶‡ÎI wQj ˆelg¨| G Kvi‡Y AvIqvgx jx‡Mi 6 `dv `vwe‡Z cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’v ¸iyZ¡mn we‡ewPZ nq| miKvwi Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi mxgvš— Aiw¶Z _vKZ| 1965 mv‡ji hy‡× c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi wbivcËvnxbZv cÖejfv‡e aiv c‡o| A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ cvwK¯—vb iv‡óª †K›`ªxq miKvi wQj me© ¶gZvi AwaKvix| †K›`ªxq e¨vsKmn mKj e¨vsK, exgv, evwYR¨, wkí-cÖwZôv‡bi cÖavb Awdm cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b wQj| c~e©-cvwK¯—vb ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv †ewk Avq Ki‡jI kZKiv 21 fv‡Mi †ewk A_© c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b eivÏ †`qv nqwb| ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i kZKiv 34 fv‡Mi †ewk c~e©-cvwK¯—vb cvqwb| A_P F‡Yi †evSv evOvwj‡`i enb Ki‡Z n‡Zv| G‡¶‡Î we‡`k †_‡K hv Avg`vwb Kiv n‡Zv Zvi gvÎ 31 kZvsk c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi Dboeq‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ wQj| c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi Dboeq‡bi Rb¨ Kg A_© eivÏ nIqvq GLv‡b Dboeqb †Zgb nqwb| A_P Avgv‡`i UvKvq cwðgcvwK ¯—vb‡K DboeZ K‡i M‡o †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| GQvov c~e©-cvwK¯—vb †_‡K cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b cÖPzi m¤ú` cvPvi n‡Zv| ißvwb Av‡qi 2000 wgwjqb Wjvi cvwK¯—vb Avg‡j c~e©-cvwK¯—vb †_‡K cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b cvPvi n‡qwQj| GB ˆelg¨ †evSv‡bvi R‡b¨ †m mg‡q e¨eüZ GKwU cÖZxKx †cv÷vi Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv| MiywU c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡bi (eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k) Nvm Lv‡”Q Avi `ya †`vnb K‡i wb‡q hv‡”Q cwðg cvwK¯—vwbiv| A_©vr Drcv`b nq c~e©-cvwK¯—v‡b Avi A_© P‡j hvq cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡b| evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq 19 A_©‡bwZK ˆel‡g¨i cÖZxKx wPÎ mvs¯‹…wZK ˆelg¨ cvwK¯—vb m„wói ci †_‡KB evsjv fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ aŸsm Ki‡Z cvwK¯—vwb kvmKiv Zrci n‡q I‡V| 1948 mv‡j †Rvic~e©K D`y©‡K Pvwc‡q †`qvi †Póv K‡i| 1952 mv‡j evsjv fvlvi AwaKvi cÖwZôvq evOvwj‡K Rxeb w`‡Z nq| 1956 mv‡j msweav‡b evsjv‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi wØZxq fvlv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡jI evsjv fvlvi weiy‡× Pμvš— †_‡g hvq wb| G mgq c~e©-evsjvi bvg c~e©-cvwK¯—vb Kiv nq| †ivgvb ni‡d evsjv †jLvi †Póv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| Pjw”PÎ, bvUK, cwÎKv, eB cÖKv‡k mxgvnxb wbqš¿Y QvovI iex›`ªmsMxZ cÖPvi eÜ Ges evsjv beel© D`hvcb wbwl× Kiv nq| Gfv‡e evOvwji mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ê wewfboefv‡e AvNvZ nvbv nq| ˆel‡g¨i weiy‡× cÖwZwμqv evOvwj jovKz RvwZ| gyNj, weªwUk Avg‡j evOvwj Ab¨v‡qi cÖwZev` K‡i‡Q| cvwK¯—vb miKv‡ii ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiYI evOvwj RvwZ KLbI gyL ey‡R mn¨ K‡iwb| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q evOvwjiv cvwK¯—vb we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv K‡i| 1954 mv‡j gymwjg jxM‡K civwRZ K‡i evOvwj cÖg ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ miKvi MV‡bi my‡hvM cvq| AvBqye Lv‡bi mvgwiK kvm‡bi weiy‡× QvÎiv wk¶v-Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g AvBqye we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb ïiy K‡i| lv‡Ui `k‡K mvwnZ¨ m‡¤§jb, mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g AvBqye we‡ivax ZrciZv Pvjv‡bv nq| 1961 mv‡j wek¦Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii Rb¥kZevwl©Kx cvjb Dcj‡¶ XvKv, PÆMÖvgmn mviv‡`‡k mvs¯‹„wZK RvMiY N‡U| GKB eQi ÔQvqvbUÕ bv‡gi mvs¯‹„wZK msMVb cÖwZwôZ n‡j evOvwji msMxZ PP©v I wewfboe Drme cvj‡bi gva¨‡g mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi n‡Z _v‡K| cy‡iv lv‡Ui `kK Ry‡o P‡j‡Q mvs¯‹…wZK ¯^vwaKv‡ii Av‡›`vjb| 1966 mv‡j 6 `dvi gva¨‡g ˆelg¨ `~ixKi‡Y evOvwj wb‡R‡`i †`k Pvjv‡bvi cwiKíbv †ck K‡i| evOvwji GB `vwe miKvi cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡j ïiy nq Qv·`i 6 I 11 `dvwfwËK †hŠ_ Av‡›`vjb| MYAv‡›`vj‡bi Pv‡c AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i AvBqye Lvb c`Z¨v‡M eva¨ nb| 1970 Gi wbe©vP‡b e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi GB wbi¼zk weR‡qB g~jZ ¯^vaxbZvi j‡¶¨ GwM‡q hvq evOvwj| cvwK¯—vb ¶gZv n¯—vš—‡i bvbv lohš¿ I Kvj‡¶cY Ki‡Z _v‡K, kyiy K‡i bvbv Uvjevnvbv| 1971 mv‡ji 25‡k gvP© iv‡Z cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx wbi¯¿ evOvwji Ici Suvwc‡q c‡o, Pvjvq nZ¨vhÁ| e½eÜy‡K e›`x Kiv nq H iv‡Z| e½eÜy †Mªßvi nIqvi Av‡M H iv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| ïiy nq gyw³hy×| †kl ch©š— 1971 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤¦i weRq AR©‡bi gva¨‡g cvwK¯—vwb‡`i 24 eQ‡ii †kvlY Avi ˆel‡g¨i Aemvb NUvq evOvwj| 20 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi cUf‚wg 1971 mv‡ji 25†k gv‡P©i ci cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi nv‡Z e›`x Ae¯’vq e½eÜz cy‡iv lv‡Ui `kK Ry‡o Pjw”PÎ, bvUK, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ PP©vqI we‡`wk cÖfv‡ei e`‡j wkK‡oi mÜvb ïiy nq| wewfboe Av‡›`vj‡b wkíx, mvwnwZ¨K I eyw×Rxexiv AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| gyw³hy‡×I Zviv G f~wgKv Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb| Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : Z`vbxšÍb c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ cwðg-cvwK¯Ívwbiv †h me †¶‡Î ˆelg¨ m„wó K‡iwQj Zvi ZvwjKv Ki| KvR- 2 : mvgwiK I A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i ˆel‡g¨i Zyjbvg~jK wPÎ †`LvI| KvR- 3 : c~e© I cwðg-cvwK¯—v‡bi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK ˆel‡g¨i †¶Î¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki| KvR- 4 : cwðg-cvwK¯—vwb‡`i wbcxob I ˆel‡g¨i djvdj Kx n‡jvÑÑZvi aviYv `vI| eûwbe©vPwb cÖkoe 1. cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil‡` †Kvb m`m¨ ivóªfvlv evsjvi c‡¶ cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib? K. †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x© M. G, †K, dRjyj nK L. ax‡i›`ª bv_ `Ë N. g‡bviÄb ai 2. cvwK¯Ívb ivóª m„wói c‡iI †`‡k HK¨ cÖwZôv bv cvIqvi KviYÑÑ i. m¤ú‡`i mylg eÈb bv Kiv ii. ¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi `vwei cÖwZ AeÁv Kiv iii. msL¨vMwiô Rb‡Mvôxi fvlv‡K gh©v`v bv †`qv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i M. i I ii L. ii N. ii I iii wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU c‡o 3 I 4 b¤¦i cÖ‡koei DËi `vIÑÑ wiwg g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q †Uwjwfk‡b GKwU Abyôv‡bi `„k¨ †`LwQj| GKRb †bZv ewjô K‡É QvÎ-wk¶K‡`i mgv‡e‡k ivR‰bwZK wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡bi c‡¶ †NvlYv †`b| QvÎiv bv, bv, bvÑÑ aŸwb‡Z cÖwZev` Rvbv‡”Q| 3. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z †bZvi e³e¨ †Kvb Av‡›`vj‡bi K_v m¥iY Kwi‡q †`q? K. ivóª fvlv M. GKvˇii gyw³hy× L. Ebmˇii MYAfy¨Ìvb N. Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb evsjv‡`k I wek¦cwiPq 21 4. D³ Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© djvdj wQjÑÑ i . RvZxq †PZbvq DØy× Kiv ii. fvlvi mvsweavwbK ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv iii. c„K RvwZi gh©v`v †`qv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K. i M. i I ii L. ii N. i, ii I iii m„Rbkxj cÖkoe 1. enigcyi A‡ji RbMY Zv‡`i `xN©w`‡bi kvm‡Ki ˆ¯^ivPvix g‡bvfve I Kvh©Kjv‡c AwZô n‡q Av‡›`vjb I we‡¶vf cÖ`k©b K‡i| D³ ˆ¯^ikvmK †cwkkw³i cÖ`k©b, i³cvZ NwU‡qI Av‡›`vjb w¯ÍwgZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| RbM‡Yi HK¨, msMªvgx †PZbv, AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi Kv‡Q Zuvi ¶gZv `ye©j n‡q c‡o| GK ch©v‡q MYRvMi‡Y D³ ˆ¯^ikvmK ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z eva¨ nb| K. 1958 mv‡j Z`vbxšÍb cvwK¯Ív‡b mvgwiK AvBbRvwi K‡ib †K? L. 1954 mv‡ji cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b gymwjgjxM †Kb civwRZ nq? e¨vL¨v Ki| M. enigcy‡ii MYRvMi‡Y Z`vbxšÍb c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Kvb Av‡›`vj‡bi ˆewkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. enigcy‡ii RbM‡Yi g‡bvfveB cieZx©‡Z ¯^vaxbZv msMªv‡gi Aby‡cÖiYv †hvMvqÑÑe³e¨wU cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Av‡jv‡K g~j¨vqb Ki| 2. NUbv-1: RqbM‡i wewfboe fvlvfvlx †jv‡Ki evm wQj| wKšÍy kvmK †Mvôx msL¨vMwi‡ôi fvlv‡K D‡c¶v K‡i| G‡Z msL¨vMwiô Rb‡Mvôx Av‡›`vjb K‡i| Av‡›`vj‡bi GK ch©v‡q Zv‡`i fvlv ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| NUbv-2: Z`vbxšÍb cvwK¯Ív‡bi wefw³ wb‡q `v`v bvwZ Mí KiwQj| `v`v Zvi bvwZ †ZŠwn`yj‡K ej‡jb Zuvi evev Avbmvix mv‡ne RvZxq cwil‡`i m`m¨ wQ‡jb| Zuvi `j RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` wecyj †fv‡U Rqx nIqv m‡Ë¡I kvmK‡Mvôx ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡i Kvj‡¶cY K‡ib| K. KZR‡bi weiy‡× AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq? L. 6 `dv‡K evsjvi gvby‡li gyw³i `wjj ejv nq †Kb? M. NUbv-1 : Z`vbxšÍb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Kvb NUbvi Bw½Z enb K‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki| N. NUbv-2 : 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b weRqx `j‡K ¶gZv n¯’všÍi bv Kivi cÖwZ”QweÑÑg~j¨vqb Ki| 22 mgv‡Ri K_v Aa¨vq-wZb evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewPΨ wewfboe b„‡Mvôxi mswgkª‡Y M‡o D‡V‡Q e‡j evsjvi Rbgvby‡li AvKv‡i, Aeq‡e, †Pnvivq GZ ˆewPΨ| †Zgwb bvbv fvlvRvwZi AvMg‡b ms¯‹…wZ‡ZI ˆewPΨ †`Lv hvq| Z‡e cwj-I K…wlcÖavb GB †`‡k MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi ms¯‹…wZi cÖfveB †ewk| Avevi b`xi †Lqvwj AvPiY Avi cÖK…wZi FZz‰ewPΨ evOvwj gvbm‡K wewPÎfv‡e mg„× K‡i‡Q| evOvwji ms¯‹…wZ eyS‡Z Zvi GB ˆewPΨgq cUf~wg †Lqvj ivLv `iKvi| cvV-1 : ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cÖK…wZi f~wgKv gvbyl c„w_exi †h A‡jB Rb¥ wbK Avi evm KiyK Zvi c‡¶ †mLvbKvi cÖK…wZ, cwi‡ek I Rjevqy‡K D‡c¶v Kiv m¤¢e bq| evOvwjI Zvi ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cÖK…wZ‡K D‡c¶v K‡iwb| Ggb m¤úboe cÖvYeš— cÖK…wZ‡K ev` w`‡q evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi K_v fvev hvq bv| GLvbKvi De©i gvwU ¯^fveZB gvbyl‡K K…wlKv‡R DØy× K‡i‡Q| Zv‡`i e¨envh© ˆZRmcÎ †ewki fvM wQj gvwUi| K…wl †_‡KB Zviv †c‡q‡Q Zzjv hv Zv‡K Kvco eyb‡Z DrmvwnZ K‡i‡Q| Avi cÖPzi b`x-bvjv, Lvj-wej _vKvq gvQ aiv Zvi Av‡iK KvR| K…wl, gvwUi KvR, gvQaiv Avi ZuvZ †evbv ÑÑeûKvj a‡i G PviwU wQj evOvwji cÖavb †ckv| ax‡i ax‡i mgv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b Kvgvi, Pg©Kvi I Kv‡Vi KvwiMi, ¯^Y©Kvi cÖf„wZ †ckvi cÖmvi n‡Z _v‡K| evsjvi cÖK…wZ †hgb D`vi I `vbkxj †Zgwb mgq mgq fxlY †Lqvwj Avi wbôziI n‡Z cv‡i| b`x fvO‡b, Abve„wó‡Z, eb¨vq, e‡Rªi AvNv‡Z wbôziZv fv‡jvB †evSv hvq| Avi ZvB gvbyl cÖK…wZ‡K bvbvfv‡e mš‘ó Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Q eivei| evsjvi MÖvgRxe‡b GiKg bvbv wek¦vm I †jvKvPv‡ii cÖPjb i‡q‡Q M„n¯’‡`i g‡a¨| cÖK…wZi Lvg‡Lqvwjcbv gvbyl‡K Rxe‡bi fwel¨Z I wb‡Ri fvM¨ m¤ú‡K© AwbðqZvq †fvMvq| GB AwbwðqZvi †eva Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mªóvi m‡½ †evSvcovi wbR¯^ aviYv ˆZwi K‡i‡Q| GUv evOvwji G‡Kev‡i wbR¯^ aib| evsjvi evDj-fvwUqvwj-gvidwZmn me ai‡bi †jvKMv‡b Gme †ev‡ai cÖKvk N‡U| evsjvq QqFZzi ˆewPΨ _vK‡jI kxZKvj Qvov eQ‡ii Ab¨ mgq Mi‡gi cÖvavb¨B †ewk| ZvB GLvbKvi †`kxq †cvkv‡K kvwo, jyw½, a~wZ, Pv`‡ii g‡Zv KvcoB cÖPwjZ wQj hv‡Z kix‡i mn‡RB evZvm XyK‡Z cv‡i| MÖv‡gi Ni euvk, kb, gvwU w`‡qB mvaviY MÖv‡gi Ni ˆZwi n‡Zv| †cvovgvwUi djK, ZvjcvZvi cuyw_ I Qwe, Kv‡Vi wkíKg©, k‡•Li KvR, gvwUi ˆZwi miv I m‡Li nuvwo Avgv‡`i K…wói Ask| bvbv iKg †bŠKvi cÖPjb Av‡Q G †`‡kÑÑwWwO, wQc, Mqbv, eRiv, gqyic•Lx, mv¤úvb Ggwb KZ bvg ejv hvq| gvQ-fvZB Avgv‡`i cÖavb Avnvh© AvR| Z‡e kvK-mewRi w`‡KI evOvwji †SuvK Av‡Q| cyi‡bv GKwU Qovq Av‡QÑÑKwP k‡l© kvK, bZzb Pv‡ji fvZ, non‡o `B-cÖPzi| avb‡¶‡Z `uvwo‡q AvKvk I f~wgi D`vi we¯—…wZ Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡i K…lK| †R‡j gvwS †Zv e‡UB, GB evsjvi Rjvf~wg‡Z †h‡Kvb gvbyl b`xc‡_ Pj‡Z Pj‡Z cÖK…wZi GKB wekvj D`viZvq Awff~Z nq| cÖK…wZB †hb GLvbKvi gvbyl‡K D`vi I gvbweK K‡i M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| Abykxjbg~jK KvR KvR- 1 : evOvwji ms¯‹„wZ I Rxe‡b cÖK…wZi cÖfve D‡j-L Ki| KvR- 2 : evOvwj ms¯‹„wZi wbR¯^ aib ej‡Z Kx eyS? 24 evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewPΨ wWwO Mqbv eRiv gqyic•Lx mv¤úvb cvV-2 : ms¯‹…wZ‡Z RxweKvi f~wgKv evsjvi gvby‡li cÖavb RxweKv K…wlKvR| K…wl m¤ú~Y© wbf©i KiZ cÖK…wZi Ici| we‡klfv‡e gvwU, †gN, e„wó, †iv` Gm‡ei Ici| Avgv‡`i evsjv K¨v‡jÛvi I cwÄKv g~jZ GB K…wlmgv‡Ri Rxebhvc‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© †i‡LB ˆZwi| K…wl‡K †K›`ª K‡i bvbv iKg AvPvi-Abyôvb cÖPwjZ wQj| Gi g‡a¨ bZzb avb IVvi c‡i †ngš—Kv‡j n‡Zv bevboe Drme| kxZKvj Ry‡o bZzb Pv‡ji wcVvcywj LvIqvi Pj wQj| gvwUi cÖwZ A½xKvi Rvwb‡q Avgv‡`i †jvK I bvMwiK mvwn‡Z¨ A‡bK Mvb Av‡Q| iex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †`kvZ¥‡evaK GKwU Mv‡bi cÖg PiY n‡jvÑÑ I Avgvi †`‡ki gvwU †Zvgvi c‡i †VKvB gv_v| bRiy‡ji Mv‡bI gvwUi RqMvb MvIqv n‡q‡Q| †R‡j I gvwSgvj-viv b`x I mgy`ªc‡_ Pj‡Z wM‡q Avengvb Kvj †_‡K ¯§iY K‡i Av‡m cxi e`i‡K; Avevi my›`ieb A‡ji gvbyl ebwewe‡K ¯§iY K‡i bvbvfv‡e| RvMÖZ cÖK…wZi mv‡_ RxweKvi mÜv‡b SuywK wb‡q Pj‡Z wM‡q gvbyl Gme AvPvi-Abyôv‡b Rwo‡q‡Q| ZuvwZ, Pg©Kvi, Kvgvi-Kz‡gvi-¯^Y©Kvi cÖf„wZ KvwiMi‡kªwYI wb‡R‡`i †ckvi cÖwZ GKvMÖZv bvbv AvPvi-Abyôv‡b cÖ`k©b K‡i Avm‡Q| KvwiMi I ewYKiv we‡klfv‡e bee‡l©i w`‡b nvjLvZv D‡Øvab K‡i| Avgv‡`i †jvKms¯‹…wZ‡Z Gfv‡e gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi bvbv wPÎ dz‡U I‡V| Abykxjbg~jK KvR