Officially, Kashmir termed as State and surrounded by Pakistan, India, China and Afghanistan, Kashmir has a population of over 16 million, more than individual populations of as many as 133 independent nations of the world. Most of the time of its history, Kashmir has been an independent country with its border is expanding and shrinking periodically. Kashmir reached the top of its fame and wealth during its independence. It is remarkable the overall literacy rate in Kashmir is higher than that of both India and Pakistan. World seeks out a peaceful resolution of the Kashmir issue that believes in the wishes of people living on both sides of the Kashmir partition. The requirements of a peaceful resolution are recognized. The Government of India must respect its constitutional oath to permit significant autonomy to the people of Kashmir, and remove the weighty load enforced upon the people of Kashmir by its security forces. The Government of Pakistan must stop supporting the violence carried on by militant groups in Kashmir, while living up to its promises in "Azad" Kashmir. These events are clearly organized, as it is difficult to imagine how Kashmiriis will be free to go about living their lives with pride and peace. Kashmir is a very diverse state. No solution that is proposed is likely to gain the support of all the various groups within the state. For a solution, demanding conditions must be met, including the acceptance of that solution by India, Pakistan and China - as well as by people living within Kashmir. Backdrop The Kashmir dispute began with the creation in 1947 of the newly independent states of India and Pakistan, when the Hindu leader of the Muslim-majority princely state of Kashmir choose to comply India as armed invaders from Pakistan were proceeding on his capital, Srinagar. The consequential Indo-Pakistani war of 1947-48 separated the state; imitate the standing of forces on the ground. ever since then, Pakistan has controlled “Azad” (Free) Kashmir and the neighboring Northern Areas, while India continued with the control of two-thirds of the former charitable state. India and Pakistan signed the Karachi Agreement in July 1949, officially recognized this cease-fire line (CFL) in Kashmir supervised by a modest number of UN observers. In 1971, warfare again broke out between India and Pakistan over the fortune of East Pakistan (Bangladesh). India and Pakistan signed the Simla Agreement to end the third Indo-Pakistani war In July 1972. Simla defined a Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir that, with minor deviations, pursued the same path as the Karachi Agreement’s CFL. The Simla Agreement also called on both sides to respect the LoC “without prejudice to the recognized position of either side,” prohibited either side from unilaterally changing the LoC, and bound both countries “to refrain from threat or the use of force in violation of this Line.” The LoC is 720 kilometers long, running in a non-linear way over rough terrain. Resolutions of the United Nations Security Council. To determine of the future of the State by the people of Kashmir, United Nations Security Council had issued a resolution. The fundamental points about the UN resolutions are that: i. the complaint relating to Kashmir was initiated by India in the Security Council; ii. the Council explicitly and by implication, rejected India’s claim that Kashmir is legally Indian territory; iii. the resolutions established self-determination as the governing principle for the settlement of the Kashmir dispute. This is the world body’s commitment to the people of Kashmir; iv. the resolutions endorsed a binding agreement between India and Pakistan reached through the mediation of UNCIP, that a plebiscite would be held, under agreed and specified conditions. Territory The total area of Kashmir is 86,023 square miles. The territory is divided by a loc established in 1972. India controls 53,665 square miles and Pakistan 32,358 square miles. There is no description of the LoC from that point northward toward Chinese territory. The west-east section of the Line lies along across the mountain ridges of average 18,000 feet, where any kind of movement is difficult and dangerous. Deployment of Forces and Observers Some reports estimate that India deploys approximately 400,000 combined army and paramilitary forces in Kashmir, most of which are stationed in the center, 80,000 of which are deployed along the LoC. Pakistani forces deployed along the LoC are reported to number in the 40,000-50,000 range. Various Kashmiri insurgent groups and “guest militants” combined now may number among 4,000 to 5,000 active combatants. Magnitude of Antagonism Since the insurgency flared, small arms fire and shelling by both sides across the Line of Control (LoC) have been a common occurrence, but successive Indian governments have refrained from carrying out “hot pursuit” across the Line. Kargil War The casualties of the Kargil war were high given the relatively localized nature of the conflict. According to official Indian reports, the Indian Army and Air Force suffered 474 killed and 1,109 wounded. Pakistani casualties are difficult to determine since the army has officially denied any involvement. Human Rights Abuse Charge of human rights abuses have been made against the Indian Armed Forces and the armed militants operating in Kashmir. A 2005 study conducted by Médecins Sans Frontières found that Kashmiri women are among the worst sufferers of sexual violence in the world. Many human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch (HRW) have condemned human rights abuses in Kashmir by Indians such as "extra-judicial executions", "disappearances", and torture. The "Armed Forces Special Powers Act", which "provides impunity for human rights abuses and fuels cycles of violence. The Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) grants the military powers of arrest, the right to kill, and to occupy or destroy property in ongoing counter insurgency operations. Indian officials claim that troops need such powers because the army is only deployed when national security is at serious risk from armed combatants. Peace Initiative for Kashmir While India and Pakistan agreed to pursue a number of confidence-building and nuclear risk-reduction measures in a Memorandum of Understanding at the Lahore Summit in February 1999, the Kargil conflict stymied progress in these areas. Pakistan continues to emphasize the primacy of Kashmir over all other bilateral issues with India while India insists on engaging in a composite dialogue with a broad basket of confidence-building measures addressing trade, military activity, and travel. One thing is starkly clear: without an active interest of big powers to come to the rescue of Kashmiris, India will never agree to any meaningful talks on Kashmir. Concluding with the following verse- “The law locks up the hapless felon who steals the goose from off the common, but lets the greater felon loose who steals the common from the goose”.